1. Supramolecular gelator (low-molecular-weight gelator).

Although gels are usulally prepared using polymers (gelatin, agarose), gels can be prepared by low-molecular-weight gelators (supramolecular gelators). Low-molecular-weight gelators (supramolecular gelators) spontaneously self-assemble to form nanofibers or nanosheets and to behave like polymers, leading to gelation of solvents. We developed various types of supramolecular gelators and succeeded in the gelation of water, organic solvents and ionic liquids at low concentrations. Our goals are to develop funtional gels using supramolecular gelators, which are higly-conductive ionogels, hydrogels exhibiting anti-cancer activity and gels available for chemical reactions.
We recently synthesized
・Supramolecular gelator that can harden a wide variety of water, organic solvents and ionic liquids.
・Supramolecular gelator that can kill cancer cells.
・Supramolecular gelators that can harden ionic liquids (conductive ionogel).
These gels have potential to be used in pharmaceutical and medical fields and also in electronic device.

　W. K. Restu et al., Colloid Polym. Sci. 295, 1109-1116 (2017).
　Y. Nishida el al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. accepted (2017).
　W. K. Restu el al., Colloid Polym. Sci.295, 1109-1116 (2017).
　Y. Eguchi et al., Chem. Commun., 53, 5802-5805 (2017).
　T. Kataoka et al. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7, 23346–23352 (2015).
　A. Tanaka et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 770-775 (2015).
　Y. Ishioka et al., Soft Matter 10, 965-971 (2014).
　N. Minakuchi et al., Langmuir 28, 9259−9266 (2012).
　D. Koda et al., Chem. Commun., 46, 979-981 (2010).

2. Surface functionalization of polymer using polymer segregation.

Material sufaces plays particularly important roles in our lives and industry. Touching, wetting, hitting, confining etc involve material surfaces in all aspects of physical phenomena. We try to develop the methods to control the physical and chemical properties. Here we design and synthesize functional polymers, and coat material surfaces with the functional polymers to control the surface properties. Our goals are to develop non-fouling surfaces, catalytically active surfaces, surfaces that can recognize target molecules in a specific manner to be utilized for separation technique and chemical analysis.

　R. Sakai et al., RSC Adv. in press (2019).
　M. Hara et al., Polymer J. in press (2019).
　K. Nishimori et al., Langmuir 34, 6396–6404 (2018).
　R. Hiraoka et al., Chem. Comm., 51, 17447-17450 (2015).
　S. Shiota et al., Langmuir 31, 8824-8829 (2015).
　S. Yamamoto et al. Langmuir 31, 125-131 (2015).
　A. Shimomura et al. Langmuir, 29, 932-938 (2013).

3. Novel functions derived from self-assembly (aggregation) of synthetic molecules.
Based on the studies on supramolecular gelators described above, we have found that when a large number of molecules come together and self-assemble, they exhibit new functions. In particular, we discovered new inhibitors of enzymes and new interactions between peptides, which will lead to drugs. We will propose to the world that the self-assembly of relatively simple synthetic molecules is capable of expressing new pharmacological activities.

4. Design and synthesis of functional surfactants that can exceed conventional detergents.
Surfactants are widely used as detergents. We try to develop surfactants that have novel functions beyond "washing detergents". For example, the figure shows the surfactants that have "separation ability". We developed a surfactant having oligo DNA, which can separate complemtary DNA, and a surfactant that can recognize proteins to be introduce on a membrane surface. These surfactants successfully separate and purify target DNA, RNA and proteins that were produced by enzymatic reactions and recombinant E. coli. We would like to expand these achievements to the fundamental techniques required for the future industry and biotechnology.

　H. Iguchi, et al., Sci. Rep.7, 39937 (2017).
　T. Maruyama et al., Chem. Commun., 52, 12376-12379 (2016).
　C. Higashi et al., RSC Adv., 6, 88244-88247 (2016).
　T. Maruyama et al, ChemNanoMat, 2, 461-465 (2016).
　T. Kato et al, RSC Adv. 4, 57899-57902 (2014).
　T. Honjo et al., Anal Biochem., 434, 269-274 (2013).
　T. Maruyama et al. RSC Adv., 2, 125–127 (2012).
　T. Maruyama et al., Chem. Commun., 4450-4452 (2007).

5. Design and formation of microstructures prepared by electrospinning and electrospraying

The electrospinning/electrospraying technique has a great potential for preparation of nano- and micro-fibers because of the simplicity of the apparatus, its high productivity and its easy setup. During the past decades, the electrospinnning technique has attracted more and more attention as novel techniques of nanotechnology and microtechnology. We employed the electrospinning/electrospraying technique to prepare polymeric and inorganic microcapsules, and short fibers functionalized with biomolecules.

　T. Matsuura et al.,Colloid Polym. Sci. 296, 239-244 (2018). . 
　T. Matsuura et al.,Colloid Polym. Sci. 295, 1251-1256 (2017); Colloids Surf. A 526, 64-69 (2017).
　Y. Funasaki et al. Colloid Polym. Sci. 292, 3049-3053 (2014).
　A. Yunoki et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 11973–11979 (2014).
　T. Maruyama et al. RSC Adv., 2, 11672–11674 (2012).
　Y. Fukui et al. Colloids Surf. A, 370, 28-34 (2010).

6. Recycling of precious and rare metal ions using protein-rich biomass.

Recently, the prices of precious metals and rare metals fluctuate violently because of drastic increases of an industrial demand and a speculative factor. These metals may be contained in industrial wastes. Effective use of precious metals and the rare metals can be achieved by separating and collecting them from such a waste solution. There are already several methods for recycling these metals but these methods have some drawbacks to a varying degree. On the other hand, metal ions in vivo form complexes with various biomolecules (proteins and saccharides) and they exhibit unique functions. This lets us speculate that it is possible to selectively separate and collect the metal ions using biomolecules. In this study, we tried to develop the technique for recycling precious metals from industrial wastes by using protein-rich biomass (egg-shell membrane).

T. Maruyama, et al., Process Biochem. 49, 850-857 (2014). 
T. Maruyama et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 1359-1364 (2007).
T. Maruyama, et al., J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 447, 254–257 (2015).